Korean martial arts boast a rich and complex history, deeply intertwined with the peninsula's cultural and political evolution. From ancient combat forms to modern-day disciplines, these arts reflect Korea's enduring spirit of resilience and innovation. This article delves into the historical roots, key techniques, and the evolution of Korean martial arts.
Ancient Origins and Early Development
The story begins in ancient Korea, with the legendary founding of Korea in 2333 BC. Archaeological evidence suggests that unarmed combat forms existed in the region as early as 3000 B.C. Murals depicting hand and foot fighting have been found on the walls of the pyramids, indicating a long-standing tradition of martial arts in the region.
During the Three Kingdoms period, martial arts played a crucial role in military training and cultural identity. The kingdom of Goguryeo, founded in 37 BC, was known for its warriors and their martial prowess. The Hwarang youth group of the Silla dynasty, originating roughly 1350 years ago, became a driving force for the unification of the three Kingdoms of Korea. They were trained in the Classics, Sun Tzu's "The Art of War", as well as the martial arts, enduring physical and mental hardships to strengthen their mind and body.
Buddhism, introduced to Korea in 372 A.D., also played an instrumental role in the development of martial arts. Monks, drawing inspiration from Indian and Chinese martial traditions, developed unique fighting styles within their monasteries. Bodhidharana taught martial arts along with religious tenets to the children of the nobility.
Silla warrior statue, reflecting the martial spirit of the era.
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Tae Kyon, an ancient Korean martial art, flourished during the Koryo dynasty after Silla was overthrown in 935 A.D. Some of Korea's finest warrior heroes were produced during this period. Cireum, another traditional Korean wrestling style, also gained popularity. King Chung Hael was known for his skill in Cireum.
The Joseon Dynasty and the Decline of Martial Arts
The Yi dynasty, also known as the Joseon dynasty, began in 1392 and lasted for over 500 years. During this period, Confucianism became the dominant ideology, and military pursuits were often frowned upon. This led to a decline in the popularity of martial arts, with many warriors leaving secular life for Buddhist temples.
Despite the decline, efforts were made to preserve and codify martial knowledge. The 거북선 (kobukson), or turtle ships, were developed, showcasing Korean innovation in naval warfare. Admiral Yi Sun-sin, a renowned figure of the Joseon dynasty, is credited with inventing the first armored battleship in 1592.
Korean Turtle Ship, an innovative armored battleship.
During the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598), monks and ordinary citizens demonstrated remarkable martial skills, fighting alongside the Korean army to repel the invaders. Great military leaders emerged, rallying monks for the resistance. Peace talks were held after the invaders realized that there would be no quick victory.
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The Japanese occupation of Korea in 1909 marked a dark period for Korean martial arts. The practice of native martial arts was forbidden, and a suppression was imposed upon all of the Korean Schools. However, Tae Kyun survived among a remnant of stalwarts by going underground. The knowledge was passed on to a handful of students.
The Birth of Modern Taekwondo
Following World War II in 1945 and the end of the Japanese occupation, new martial arts schools called kwans were opened in Seoul. These schools were established by Korean martial artists who had studied primarily in Okinawa and China during the Japanese occupation. Five of these kwans were established during the interval between World War II and the Korean War. At the conclusion of the war four new schools were established by students from the five original kwans. Collectively, these schools are referred to as the nine original kwans of taekwondo.
Each kwan practiced its own style of martial art and employed their own set of forms. The majority of the forms used, however, derived from Shotokan karate. In many cases they were given new names. These forms are still used today in martial arts style such as Tang Soo Do, Soo Bahk Do, Moo Duk Kwan Taekwondo, and Chun Kuk Do.
A Taekwondo practitioner demonstrating a dynamic kick.
The term "Taekwondo" itself was coined to unify these diverse styles into a national martial art. The name "Tae Kwon Do" literally means to jump, kick, or smash with the foot (Tae), to punch, strike, or block with a fist (Kwon), and way, or method to achieve a desired goal (Do).
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In 1955, a committee of martial arts masters selected the name "Taekwondo" to represent this new unified style. General Choi Hong Hi played a pivotal role in the development of modern Tae Kwon Do from the beginning. During this time Tae Hi Nam would found O Do Kwan. The best were "requested" to join O Do Kwan.
Techniques and Forms in Korean Martial Arts
Korean martial arts encompass a wide range of techniques, including:
- Strikes: Punches, kicks, and other striking techniques using the hands, feet, elbows, and knees.
- Blocks: Defensive techniques to deflect or absorb an opponent's attacks.
- Grappling: Clinching, throws, and joint locks.
- Forms (Hyeong/Pumse/Teul): Prearranged sequences of movements that teach fundamental techniques, stances, and strategies.
Hyeong (형), Pumse (품세), and Teul (틀) are systematic, prearranged sequences of martial techniques that are performed either with or without the use of a weapon. In traditional dojangs (training halls), hyeong are used primarily as a form of interval training that is useful in developing mushin, proper kinetics and mental and physical fortitude. Hyeong may resemble combat, but are artistically non-combative and woven together so as to be an effective conditioning tool.
One's aptitude for a particular hyeong may be evaluated in competition. In such competitions, hyeong are evaluated by a panel of judges who base the score on many factors including energy, precision, speed, and control. In western competitions, there are two general classes of hyeong: creative and standard.
Forms are not just about physical movements; they also embody philosophical and historical significance. Many forms are named after important figures in Korean history or reflect Korean cultural values.
Examples of Taegeuk Forms:
- Yang (Il Jang): Represents Heaven and Light.
- Lake (Ee Jang): Symbolizes a calm, sturdy spirit.
- Fire (Sam Jang): Represents the energy and potential for both aid and destruction.
- Thunder (Sa Jang): Associated with power and the connection between heaven and earth.
- Wind (Oh Jang): Represents a gentle yet potentially destructive force.
- Water (Yook Jang): Symbolizes flowing, powerful, and cleansing movements.
- Mountain (Chil Jang): Represents an indomitable and majestic nature.
- Earth (Pal Jang): Represents the end of the beginning and the interplay of good and evil.
Examples of Patterns Named After Historical Figures and Events:
- Cheon-Ji: Means "heaven and earth" and refers to the creation of the world or the beginning of human history.
- Dan-Gun: Named after the holy Dangun, the legendary founder of Korea in 2333 BC.
- Do-San: A pseudonym of the patriot Ahn Chang-ho (1878-1938).
- Yul-Gok: A pseudonym of a great philosopher and scholar Yi I (1536-1584) nicknamed the "Confucius of Korea".
- Jung-Geun: Named after the patriot Ahn Joong-Gun who assassinated Itō Hirobumi.
- Toi-Gye: The pen name of the noted scholar Yi Hwang (16th century).
- Hwa-Rang: Named after the Hwarang youth group that originated under the Silla dynasty.
- Chung-Mu: The name given to the great Admiral Yi Sun-sin of the Yi dynasty.
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The Global Spread and Modern Practice of Taekwondo
Taekwondo's popularity soared in the late 20th century, becoming a global phenomenon. It was included as a demonstration sport in the Olympic Games in 1988 in Seoul, Korea, and became an official Olympic sport in 2000.
Today, Taekwondo is practiced by millions of people worldwide, offering benefits such as physical fitness, self-defense skills, mental discipline, and character development.
While Taekwondo has become a highly competitive sport, its roots as a martial art remain strong. Many practitioners continue to emphasize the traditional values of respect, discipline, and perseverance.
The Global Taekwondo Federation (GTF) is an offshoot of the International Taekwondo Federation (ITF). It was founded by Park Jung Tae in 1990. The GTF practices Choi's ITF Patterns, but in addition Park added six new patterns.
The legacy of Korean martial arts continues to evolve, blending ancient traditions with modern innovations. As a symbol of Korean culture and a powerful force for personal development, Taekwondo and other Korean martial arts will continue to inspire and empower individuals for generations to come.